George Orwell writes in Partisan Review, June 1947:

“The only way of avoiding [the possibility of the end of civilisation] that I can imagine is to present somewhere or other, on a large scale, the spectacle of a community where people are relatively free and happy and where the main motive in life is not the pursuit of money or power. In other words, democratic Socialism must be made to work throughout some large area… A Socialist United States of Europe seems to me the only worthwhile political objective today. Such a federation would contain about 250m people, including perhaps half the skilled industrial workers of the world. I do not need to be told that the difficulties of bringing any such thing into being are enormous and terrifying… But we ought not to feel that it is of its nature impossible, or that countries so different from one another would not voluntarily unite. A western European union is in itself a less improbable concatenation than the Soviet Union or the British empire.”

Winston Churchill delivers a speech to the Congress of Europe in the Hague, attended by statesmen from across Europe, on 7th May 1948:

“The Movement for European Unity must be a positive force, deriving its strength from our sense of common spiritual values. It is a dynamic expression of democratic faith based upon moral conceptions and inspired by a sense of mission. In the centre of our movement stands the idea of a Charter of Human Rights, guarded by freedom and sustained by law. It is impossible to separate economics and defence from the general political structure. Mutual aid in the economic field and joint military defence must inevitably be accompanied step by step with a parallel policy of closer political unity. It is said with truth that this involves some sacrifice or merger of national sovereignty. But it is also possible and not less agreeable to regard it as the gradual assumption by all the nations concerned of that larger sovereignty which can alone protect their diverse and distinctive customs and characteristics and their national traditions, all of which under totalitarian systems, whether Nazi, fascist, or communist, would certainly be blotted out forever.”

Lord Beaverbrook, proprietor of the Daily Express, opposes Harold Macmillan’s attempt to join the Common Market in his last political pronouncement, writing in a paid-for advertisement in 1961:

“What does the Common Market…

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