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The case for minor utopias

  28th July 2007  —  Issue 136
The 20th century showed how dangerous utopian ideas can be. Does that mean we should follow John Gray and abandon all political idealism? Or is a more modest strain of visionary thinking—with human rights at its foundation—still possible?

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In June 2002, President Bush delivered a speech to the US Military Academy at West Point that marked the beginning of the road to war with Iraq. The speech is remembered for Bush’s unveiling of his doctrine of pre-emptive self-defence, but alongside this principle Bush also gave a statement of America’s guiding values, designed to prove that US power need not be feared. “America has no empire to extend or utopia to establish,” Bush told his audience. “We wish for others only what we wish for ourselves—safety from violence, the rewards of liberty, and the hope for a better life.”

The idea of utopia was invoked again in the Bush administration’s national security strategy, published a few months after the West Point address. The central theme of this document, intended to present a definitive statement of US foreign policy, was that America would seek “a balance of power that favours freedom.” The report said that America had joined battle during the 20th century with totalitarian regimes based on “militant visions of class, nation and race which promised utopia and delivered misery.” Now facing a terrorist threat—which the administration would soon characterise as a new form of totalitarianism—the US, the report continued, could use its pre-eminent position in the world to usher in “decades of peace, prosperity and liberty.” The aim of American strategy, in short, was “to help make the world not just safer but better.”

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